Separation of user interface logic from user interface presentation by using a protocol

ABSTRACT

A single presentation logic that is independent of a user interface framework is provided. Also provided is a protocol to interface the single presentation logic to the user interface framework. A plurality of user interfaces is configured to be plugged to the single presentation logic.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/937,212 filed Nov. 10, 2015 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,445,073 onOct. 15, 2019) which application is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

Embodiments relate to the separation of user interface logic from userinterface presentation by using a protocol.

2. Background

User interface (UI) frameworks may separate the code that controls theUI presentation from the code that controls the logical behavior. The UIpresentation may include graphics, animations, layouts etc., and thecode for logical behavior may manage logical states, when and what datashould be presented to a user, and reactions to user actions.

The separation of the code that controls the UI presentation from thecode that controls the logical behavior is desirable since thedevelopment of the two types of code may require different developmentskills. Furthermore each type of code may be changed without any changebeing made to the other. Coupling of the UI presentation code with thecode for the logical behavior may make maintenance harder and morecomplex. For that reason coding patterns such as Model View Controller(MVC) and Model View ViewModel (MVMM) may be used to separate the codethat controls the UI presentation from the code that controls thelogical behavior.

MVC is a software architectural pattern for implementing userinterfaces. It divides a given software application into threeinterconnected parts, so as to separate internal representations ofinformation from the ways that the information is presented to oraccepted from the user. The central component of MVC, the model,captures the behavior of the application in terms of its problem domain,independent of the user interface. The model directly manages the data,logic and rules of the application. A view can be any outputrepresentation of information, such as a chart or a diagram. The thirdpart, the controller, accepts input and converts it to commands for themodel or view. In addition to dividing the application into three kindsof components, the MVC design defines the interactions between them.

MVVM is an architectural pattern for software development. MVVMabstracts a view's state and behavior. As in the MVC, the view is theuser interface. The view model is an abstraction of the view thatexposes public properties and commands. Instead of the controller of theMVC pattern, MVVM has a binder. In the view model, this binder mediatescommunication between the view and the data binder. The binder frees thedeveloper from being obliged to write logic to synchronize the viewmodel and view.

Presentation logic is the application code that defines the logicalbehavior and structure of the application in a way that is independentof any specific user interface implementation. When implementing theseparated presentation pattern, the presentation logic components mayinclude a presenter, a presentation model, and ViewModel components.FIG. 1 shows a prior art framework 100 that shows interactions between apresentation logic code 102 and a UI logic code 104, via notifications106, data binding 108, and commands 110 between a view 112 and aViewModel 114, where the view 112 corresponds to a user interface 116.

Such UI frameworks may allow separation of component logic from itspresentation. There are numerous UI frameworks today that are targetedtowards separating the logic and the presentation. Some frameworks runboth the presentation side and the presentation logic in the sameprocess like in desktop graphical user interface (GUI) frameworks, suchas, JavaFX*, Swing, Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). Certain UIframeworks may provide means for separation between the presentation andits logic for each component (i.e. table, form etc.) using data-binding.Similarly, in the world of Web UI (e.g., JavaScript*/HTML5), there arenumerous JavaScript frameworks that provide a similar separation foreach component, such as, AngularJS, Backbone.js and Ember.js. *JavaFX,JavaScript are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle America,Inc.

SUMMARY OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Provided are a method, a system, a computer program product in which asingle presentation logic that is independent of a user interfaceframework is provided. Also provided is a protocol to interface thesingle presentation logic to the user interface framework. A pluralityof user interfaces is configured to be plugged to the singlepresentation logic.

In certain embodiments, a user interface of an application receivesupdates for a component from the single presentation logic via theprotocol.

In additional embodiments, the single presentation logic receiveschanges in components data from the user interface.

In additional embodiments, the updates include hierarchy changes anddata that are to be displayed to a user for the component.

In further embodiments, a controls generator that comprises a uniqueadapter between a logic nodes container comprising the singlepresentation logic and a user interface layer corresponding to theplurality of user interfaces, translates addition and deletion ofcomponents in the logic nodes container for the plurality of userinterfaces.

In additional embodiments, entities in code for the protocol include atleast a logic node that represents a user interface component in thesingle presentation logic, wherein: a read-only property of the logicnode is configurable only in the presentation logic; a writable propertyof the logic node is configurable both in the presentation logic and onthe plurality of user interfaces; and an invokable read-only property isinvokable only by a user interface.

In certain embodiments, a nodes container is an entity in the singlepresentation logic, wherein the nodes container holds a hierarchy ofpresentation logic nodes and sends hierarchy change messages to a userinterface layer that comprises a components builder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers representcorresponding parts throughout:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a prior art user interfaceframework;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a computing environment comprisinga computational device in which a user interface code having a controlsgenerator is separated from a logic nodes container, in accordance withcertain embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram that shows how the controls generatorchanges hooks to the user interface when changes are made to the logicnodes container, in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram that shows entities in the code, inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram that shows interactions between theuser interface and the presentation logic, in accordance with certainembodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram two user interface frameworks coupledto the same presentation logic, in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of operations in two user interfaceframeworks coupled to the same presentation logic, in accordance withcertain embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates certain operations performed in the computingenvironment of FIG. 2, in accordance with certain embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a cloud computing environment, inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of further details of the cloudcomputing environment of FIG. 9, in accordance with certain embodiments;and

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a computational system that showscertain elements that may be included in one or more nodes, as describedin FIGS. 1-10, in accordance with certain embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanyingdrawings which form a part hereof and which illustrate severalembodiments. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized andstructural and operational changes may be made.

Potential Limitations of Prior Frameworks

The above mentioned frameworks are widely used and successful butprovide two major limitations:

(A) The presentation components and their logic interact with a specificapplication programming interface (API) using direct calls or bindings.They are inseparable in terms of coding language, skills and technology.Once an UI framework is selected, both the presentation and its logicuse the same framework.(B) The frameworks are UI centric which means that the application firstinitiates the UI components hierarchy and then the presentation logic iscreated accordingly. The complete state of the application is controlledby the UI since the UI holds the hierarchy of the components. If a user,for example, were to close a dialog and change the state of theapplication to enter a new mode with a different hierarchy ofcomponents, then these changes should all be done directly on the UIcomponents since this is where the hierarchy is defined.

For example, in a certain situation, consider an application thatprefers to display a login dialog at start. Depending on the role of theuser, a determination may be made as to which components to show. Foradministrator users, a filter, a table and a form may be shown, whereasfor other users only a form may be shown. The form may also beconfigured to determine which fields to show depending on user actionsor user role. In certain situations the system performs a logout of theuser automatically once a certain amount of time has elapsed.

It is desirable that the presentation logic is not aware of the UIelements that are shown to the user. This decoupling allows changes inthe UI code without breaking anything in the presentation logic. But theabove example forces programmers to be either aware of UI componentswhile changing their hierarchy directly, or to send some proprietarycommand to the UI so that the UI is able change the hierarchy state. Sothe programmer either couples the code with specific UI elements orinvolves the UI with the application logic. The separation in this caseis limited. If the programmer would like to change the UI layer to use adifferent technology/framework/components but keep the presentationlogic, it would require in most cases a complete rewrite of the code.This is why changing a UI framework is difficult, and the presentationlogic is likely to be lost while changing the UI framework.

There are no known solutions that address the problems that arisebecause the presentation components and their logic interact with aspecific application programming interface (API) using direct calls orbindings. To address the UI centricity of the frameworks, some webframeworks allow the creation of an application that is presentationlogic centric. Components are defined by using Java classes, and evenchildren may be added to a component (thus changing the hierarchy).Changes in properties on those component instances, may trigger a reloadon the browser side and may perform a re-rendering [e.g., by fetching anew hypertext markup language (HTML) section from the server] for thecomponents that may have changed. One drawback of these frameworks isthat in many cases most of the page is reloaded when a change that ishigh in the hierarchy occurs. The whole lifecycle of components that areupdated and re-rendered is quite slow since the whole component HTML issent again to the browser.

General Two-Way Protocol

Certain embodiments provide a general two-way protocol that may enablethe following:

(1) The UI of an application may get optimized updates from thecorresponding presentation logic including hierarchy changes and data toshow to the user for each component. The data is not graphical, and onlyincludes texts and values; and

(2) The presentation logic may get from the UI the changes in componentsdata (e.g., a change in a text-field) and may enable the UI to invokeactions for specific actions.

With the above strategy, the system may have some major advantages:

(1) The presentation logic is independent of the UI technology orframework. The same presentation logic may be plugged to differenttechnologies. For example, a desktop application written with the aboveseparation may be migrated to Web technology by rewriting only the thinUI part. The behavior of each text-field, drop-down, table, etc., willstay the same after migrating to the Web.(2) The application may run with no UI attached. Automation proceduresmay hook to the presentation logic using the protocol just like anyother UI. This can enable running end to end automation flows to testthe application presentation logic. Note that there is a greatdifference between testing presentation logic vs business logic. Thepresentation logic includes the behavior of every component in theapplication such as text-fields, buttons and their states (e.g.,enable/disabled), table, dialogs etc. while the business logic mayinclude a request to a back-end to retrieve raw data.(3) A single presentation logic can even be hooked to two UIs at thesame time. Such a mechanism may be used to share an application statebetween two different users. Both of them may be able to make changes tothe application similar to remote desktop. The difference here is thateach of them might be seeing a different picture if they use a differentUI framework (i.e. a desktop JavaFX application sharing its state usinga web UI).(4) By combining (2) and (3) the system may have an automation procedurehooking to the application just like any other UI and changing theapplication state while a real user is using the application. This maybe used to walk through the user in the application and demonstrateusage of features by using predefined actions.(5) In case the presentation logic resides in a remote server, theserver may also save for the user the exact application state. When theuser performs a re-login from another device (which uses the same or adifferent UI framework), he may be able to continue exactly from thepoint where he previously left off.(6) The system may also have the option to “record” all the protocolinteraction between the UI and the presentation logic. This can be usedto analyze user actions and even replay them for debugging purposes.

Exemplary Embodiments

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a computing environment 200comprising a computational device 202 in which a user interface code 204having a controls generator 206 is separated from a logic nodescontainer 208, in accordance with certain embodiments. The userinterface code 204 may comprise a user interface layer and the logicnodes container 208 may comprise the presentation logic.

The computational device 202 may comprise any suitable computationaldevice including those presently known in the art, such as, a personalcomputer, a workstation, a server, a mainframe, a hand held computer, apalm top computer, a telephony device, a network appliance, a bladecomputer, a processing device, a controller, etc. In certainembodiments, the user interface code 204, the controls generator 206,and the logic nodes container 208 may be implemented in software,firmware, hardware or any combination thereof.

The logic nodes container 208 is a class, a data structure, or anabstract data type whose instances are collections of other objects. Inother words, the logic nodes container 208 stores objects in anorganized way, and the logic nodes container 208 may have specificaccess rules. The logic nodes container 208 may correspond to thepresentation logic.

A display monitor 210 that is coupled to the computational device 202either directly or over a network may display a user interface 212 to auser, where the user may interact with controls displayed on the userinterface 212.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram 300 that shows how the controlsgenerator 206 changes hooks to the user interface code 204 when changesare made to the logic nodes container 208, in accordance with certainembodiments.

The controls generator 206 is written once and the controls generator206 maps the hierarchy in the logic nodes container 208 to the userinterface code 204. When changes are made to the logic nodes container208, the controls generator 206 changes the hooks to the user interfacecode 204. Thus the controls generator 206 hooks up user interfacecomponents of the user interface code 204 to the presentation logiccomponents provided by the logic nodes container 208.

The logic nodes container 208 does not have knowledge of how elementsare displayed via the user interface code 204. In certain embodiments,the components in the logic nodes container 208 are hierarchicallyarranged. For example, when the node App Main 210 is added (referencenumeral 212) then the controls generator 206 which is a unique adapterinterprets (reference numeral 214) the addition of App Main 210 andtranslates (references numeral 216) the addition of App Main 214 for theuser interface code 204 such that App Main 210 maps to the element 218shown in FIG. 3.

Similarly, the addition of the suggestions node 220 is translated by thecontrols generator 206 to the element 224 that shows a list ofsuggestions in the user interface. When the systems logic node 226 isadded (reference numeral 228) then it is translated by the controlsgenerator 206 to the element 230 as shown in FIG. 3.

Therefore, in FIG. 3, the logic nodes container 208 has hierarchicalcomponents and a single unique controls generator 206 that maps changesin the logic nodes container 208 to the user interface code 204. Thusthe logical nodes container 208 is separated from the user interfacecode 204 via the controls generators 206 that acts as a unique adapterfor multiple user interfaces.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram 400 that shows entities in the code,in accordance with certain embodiments. In certain embodiments, theentities may be implemented in the computational device 202.

The logic node 402 represents some UI component in the presentationlogic 208 without coupling to the way it is displayed graphically. Itcontains all logical behavior of the component in terms of what datashould be displayed to the user but not how. The logic node 402 containsa set of properties, where each property contains some data which may berequired by the UI component.

The read-only property 404 is a property of a logic node 402 which isonly configurable in the presentation logic side. The presentation logic208 may decide to change the value of such a property. An appropriatemessage will be sent to the UI layer 204 with the new value by using theprotocol defined below.

The writable property 406 is a property of a logic node 402 which isconfigurable both from UI side 204 and presentation logic side 208.

The invokable read-only property 408 is a property that the UI mayinvoke. This kind of property is equivalent to some action that needs tobe performed and may include actions used with buttons. It also containsa read-only value defined by the presentation logic 208 which definesthe state of the action. A “Disabled State” value for the invokableread-only property 408 means that the action cannot be invoked (it alsocan contain a reason string so that the UI can display in some way whyit is disabled). An “Enabled State” value for the invokable read-onlyproperty 408 means that the action can be invoked.

The nodes container 410 is an entity in the presentation logic 208 thatholds the hierarchy of logic nodes and sends hierarchy changes messagesto the UI layer 204 (e.g., to the components builder 412 entity in theUI layer 204).

The components builder 412 is an entity in the UI layer 204 that acceptshierarchy changes messages (from the nodes container 410), and actsaccordingly (e.g., create a new UI Component that corresponds the nodethat was created in the presentation logic and add it as a child to anexisting component).

In certain embodiments, these various entities in code 400 togetherimplement the operations performed by the elements shown earlier inFIGS. 2-3.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram 500 that shows interactions 502between the user interface 204 and the presentation logic 208 as per aprotocol usage, in accordance with certain embodiments.

The presentation logic 208 may create a root element and start theprocess (reference numeral 504). Various types of nodes made be created(reference numerals 506 and 508) and the user interface 204 may prepareand load corresponding user interface resources (reference numerals 510,512).

Node ready indications 514, 516 may be sent from the presentation logic208 to the user interface 204 and the user interface 204 may displayroot and login for a user 520 (reference numeral 522). The user sees alogin dialog 524 and changes the user name textfield 526. As a result,the user interface 204 via a protocol sends a property changenotification 528 to the presentation logic 208. Similarly in response tochanges in password change textfield 530 by the user the passwordproperty change notification 532 is sent from the user interface 204 tothe presentation logic 208. In response to a click of the login button534 by the user 520, a login invokable property 536 is invoked from theuser interface 204 to the presentation logic 208. The presentation logic208 performs various authentications 536, creates main and child nodes538, and destroys a login node 540, and then communications creation ofnodes 540, 542, 544 and destruction of nodes 546 to the user interface204. The user interface 204 removes the login dialog and displays rootand login 548 and the user 520 then sees other objects 550.

Therefore, FIG. 5 shows various interactions between the user interface204 and the presentation logic 208 in accordance with certainembodiments, as per protocols described in FIGS. 2-4 for communicationbetween various components.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram 600 that shows the results from twouser interface frameworks coupled to the same presentation logic, inaccordance with certain embodiments. In FIG. 6 two graphical displays602, 604 are displayed on a screen and the user may move the cursorbetween the two graphical displays 602, 604.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram 700 that shows operations in two userinterface frameworks coupled to the same presentation logic, inaccordance with certain embodiments. In FIG. 7, based on selections ofthe user 702, displays may be made in the user interfaces 704, 706.

FIG. 8 illustrates certain operations 800 performed in the computingenvironment 200 of FIG. 2, in accordance with certain embodiments. Theoperations shown in FIG. 2 are performed by the computational device202.

Control starts at block 802 in which a single presentation logic 208that is independent of a user interface framework is provided. Alsoprovided (at block 804) is a protocol to interface the singlepresentation logic 208 to the user interface framework. A plurality ofuser interfaces 204 is configured (at block 806) to be plugged to thesingle presentation logic 208.

Therefore FIGS. 1-8 illustrate certain embodiments in which the userinterface code and the presentation logic are separated by using aprotocol for communications.

Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand networkaccess to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can berapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orservice provider interaction.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an illustrative cloud computing environment 50is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one ormore cloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA)or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C,and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Nodes 10 maycommunicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community,Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows cloud computing environment 50 to offerinfrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shownin FIG. 9 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with any type ofcomputerized device over any type of network and/or network addressableconnection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 10, a set of functional abstraction layersprovided by cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 9) is shown. It shouldbe understood in advance that the components, layers, and functionsshown in FIG. 10 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments ofthe invention are not limited thereto.

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in oneexample IBM zSeries* systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries* systems; IBMxSeries* systems; IBM BladeCenter* systems; storage devices; networksand networking components. Examples of software components includenetwork application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere*application server software; and database software, in one example IBMDB2* database software. *IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter,WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business MachinesCorporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide.

Virtualization layer 62 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers;virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks;virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients.

In one example, management layer 64 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computingresources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks withinthe cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide costtracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computingenvironment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management providescloud computing resource allocation and management such that requiredservice levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning andfulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloudcomputing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated inaccordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 66 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtualclassroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transactionprocessing; and the protocol for UI and presentation logic separation 68as shown in FIGS. 1-9.

Additional Embodiment Details

The described operations may be implemented as a method, apparatus orcomputer program product using standard programming and/or engineeringtechniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combinationthereof. Accordingly, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of anentirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (includingfirmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodimentcombining software and hardware aspects that may all generally bereferred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore,aspects of the embodiments may take the form of a computer programproduct. The computer program product may include a computer readablestorage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructionsthereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the presentembodiments.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present embodiments may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present embodiments.

Aspects of the present embodiments are described herein with referenceto flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instruction.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram that shows certain elements that maybe included in the computational device 202 or other computationaldevices in accordance with certain embodiments. The system 1100 mayinclude a circuitry 1102 that may in certain embodiments include atleast a processor 1104. The system 1100 may also include a memory 1106(e.g., a volatile memory device), and storage 1108. The storage 1108 mayinclude a non-volatile memory device (e.g., EEPROM, ROM, PROM, flash,firmware, programmable logic, etc.), magnetic disk drive, optical diskdrive, tape drive, etc. The storage 1108 may comprise an internalstorage device, an attached storage device and/or a network accessiblestorage device. The system 1100 may include a program logic 1110including code 1112 that may be loaded into the memory 1106 and executedby the processor 1104 or circuitry 1102. In certain embodiments, theprogram logic 1110 including code 1112 may be stored in the storage1108. In certain other embodiments, the program logic 1110 may beimplemented in the circuitry 1102. One or more of the components in thesystem 1100 may communicate via a bus or via other coupling orconnection 1114. Therefore, while FIG. 11 shows the program logic 1110separately from the other elements, the program logic 1110 may beimplemented in the memory 1106 and/or the circuitry 1102.

Certain embodiments may be directed to a method for deploying computinginstruction by a person or automated processing integratingcomputer-readable code into a computing system, wherein the code incombination with the computing system is enabled to perform theoperations of the described embodiments.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “theembodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “someembodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean “one or more (but not all)embodiments of the present invention(s)” unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereofmean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of theitems are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be incontinuous communication with each other, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with eachother may communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components in communicationwith each other does not imply that all such components are required. Onthe contrary a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the presentinvention.

Further, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the likemay be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods andalgorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In otherwords, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does notnecessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in thatorder. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in anyorder practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readilyapparent that more than one device/article (whether or not theycooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly,where more than one device or article is described herein (whether ornot they cooperate), it will be readily apparent that a singledevice/article may be used in place of the more than one device orarticle or a different number of devices/articles may be used instead ofthe shown number of devices or programs. The functionality and/or thefeatures of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more otherdevices which are not explicitly described as having suchfunctionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of the present inventionneed not include the device itself.

At least certain operations that may have been illustrated in thefigures show certain events occurring in a certain order. In alternativeembodiments, certain operations may be performed in a different order,modified or removed. Moreover, steps may be added to the above describedlogic and still conform to the described embodiments. Further,operations described herein may occur sequentially or certain operationsmay be processed in parallel. Yet further, operations may be performedby a single processing unit or by distributed processing units.

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention belimited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claimsappended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide acomplete description of the manufacture and use of the composition ofthe invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, theinvention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: providing a singlepresentation logic that is independent of a user interface framework;providing a protocol to interface the single presentation logic to theuser interface framework; and configuring, via the protocol, a pluralityof user interfaces to be plugged to the single presentation logic; andinvoking a login invokable property from an user interface to the singlepresentation logic, in response to a selection of a login controlelement by an user, wherein the single presentation logic performsauthentications, creates main and child nodes, and destroys a loginnode, and subsequently communicates creation of nodes and destruction ofnodes to the user interface, and wherein the user interface removes alogin dialog and displays root and login, and subsequently other objectsare displayed to the user.
 2. The method of claim 1, the method furthercomprising: receiving, by the user interface of an application updatesfor a component from the single presentation logic via the protocol. 3.The method of claim 2, the method further comprising: receiving, by thesingle presentation logic from user interface changes in componentsdata.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the updates include hierarchychanges and data that are to be displayed to the user for the component.5. The method of claim 1, wherein a controls generator that comprises aunique adapter between a logic nodes container comprising the singlepresentation logic and a user interface layer corresponding to theplurality of user interfaces, translates addition and deletion ofcomponents in the logic nodes container for the plurality of userinterfaces.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein entities in code for theprotocol include at least a logic node that represents a user interfacecomponent in the single presentation logic, wherein: a read-onlyproperty of the logic node is configurable only in the singlepresentation logic; a writable property of the logic node isconfigurable both in the single presentation logic and on the pluralityof user interfaces; and an invokable read-only property is invokableonly by the user interface.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a nodescontainer is an entity in the single presentation logic, and wherein thenodes container holds a hierarchy of presentation logic nodes and sendshierarchy change messages to a user interface layer that comprises acomponents builder.
 8. A system comprising: a memory; and a processorcoupled to the memory, wherein the processor performs operations, theoperations comprising: providing a single presentation logic that isindependent of a user interface framework; providing a protocol tointerface the single presentation logic to the user interface framework;and configuring, via the protocol, a plurality of user interfaces to beplugged to the single presentation logic; and invoking a login invokableproperty from an user interface to the single presentation logic, inresponse to a selection of a login control element by an user, whereinthe single presentation logic performs authentications, creates main andchild nodes, and destroys a login node, and subsequently communicatescreation of nodes and destruction of nodes to the user interface, andwherein the user interface removes a login dialog and displays root andlogin, and subsequently other objects are displayed to the user.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8, the operations further comprising: receiving, by theuser interface of an application updates for a component from the singlepresentation logic via the protocol.
 10. The system of claim 9, theoperations further comprising: receiving, by the single presentationlogic from user interface changes in components data.
 11. The system ofclaim 10, wherein the updates include hierarchy changes and data thatare to be displayed to the user for the component.
 12. The system ofclaim 8, wherein a controls generator that comprises a unique adapterbetween a logic nodes container comprising the single presentation logicand a user interface layer corresponding to the plurality of userinterfaces, translates addition and deletion of components in the logicnodes container for the plurality of user interfaces.
 13. The system ofclaim 8, wherein entities in code for the protocol include at least alogic node that represents a user interface component in the singlepresentation logic, wherein: a read-only property of the logic node isconfigurable only in the single presentation logic; a writable propertyof the logic node is configurable both in the single presentation logicand on the plurality of user interfaces; and an invokable read-onlyproperty is invokable only by the user interface.
 14. The system ofclaim 13, wherein a nodes container is an entity in the singlepresentation logic, and wherein the nodes container holds a hierarchy ofpresentation logic nodes and sends hierarchy change messages to a userinterface layer that comprises a components builder.
 15. A computerprogram product, the computer program product comprising a computerreadable storage medium having computer readable program code embodiedtherewith, the computer readable program code configured to performoperations, the operations comprising: providing a single presentationlogic that is independent of a user interface framework; providing aprotocol to interface the single presentation logic to the userinterface framework; and configuring, via the protocol, a plurality ofuser interfaces to be plugged to the single presentation logic; andinvoking a login invokable property from an user interface to the singlepresentation logic, in response to a selection of a login controlelement by an user, wherein the single presentation logic performsauthentications, creates main and child nodes, and destroys a loginnode, and subsequently communicates creation of nodes and destruction ofnodes to the user interface, and wherein the user interface removes alogin dialog and displays root and login, and subsequently other objectsare displayed to the user.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15,the operations further comprising: receiving, by the user interface ofan application updates for a component from the single presentationlogic via the protocol.
 17. The computer program product of claim 16,the operations further comprising: receiving, by the single presentationlogic from user interface changes in components data.
 18. The computerprogram product of claim 17, wherein the updates include hierarchychanges and data that are to be displayed to the user for the component.19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein a controlsgenerator that comprises a unique adapter between a logic nodescontainer comprising the single presentation logic and a user interfacelayer corresponding to the plurality of user interfaces, translatesaddition and deletion of components in the logic nodes container for theplurality of user interfaces.
 20. The computer program product of claim15, wherein entities in code for the protocol include at least a logicnode that represents a user interface component in the singlepresentation logic, wherein: a read-only property of the logic node isconfigurable only in the single presentation logic; a writable propertyof the logic node is configurable both in the single presentation logicand on the plurality of user interfaces; and an invokable read-onlyproperty is invokable only by the user interface.